Table of Contents
Overview
Definition and Scope
Tissue engineering is a multidisciplinary field that combines principles from biology, engineering, and medicine to develop biological substitutes that can restore, maintain, or improve tissue function. Over the past three decades, this field has emerged as a significant endeavor, where scientists, engineers, and physicians collaborate to construct biological substitutes that mimic tissues for various diagnostic and research purposes, as well as for therapeutic applications.[3.1] The scope of tissue engineering extends beyond mere cell transplantation; it involves the design and development of organized three-dimensional functional tissues. This approach aims to address the limitations of traditional methods by creating tissues that are not only viable but also functionally integrated with the host.[4.1] The integration of innovative biocompatible materials has been pivotal in this process, enabling the seeding of viable cells onto appropriately configured scaffolds, which is essential for generating new tissues.[2.1] As the field continues to evolve, it is increasingly recognized for its potential to transform healthcare. Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine are poised to reshape patient care by offering innovative solutions for repairing, regenerating, and replacing damaged or lost tissues and organs.[9.1] This transformation is particularly evident in the development of personalized medicine, where tailored therapies are designed to meet the specific needs of individual patients, enhancing treatment outcomes.[10.1] The integration of advanced technologies, such as 3D bioprinting and microsystem technologies, further expands the possibilities within tissue engineering, allowing for the creation of biomimetic physiological structures that serve as reliable in vitro models for drug screening and other applications.[13.1]Key Principles
Tissue engineering is fundamentally guided by several key principles that are crucial for the development of effective regenerative therapies. A primary consideration is the selection of appropriate cell types, which significantly impacts the success of engineered tissues. Stem cells are often favored due to their remarkable capabilities, including the ability to continuously produce daughter cells that retain the characteristics of the parent cell, as well as their potential to differentiate into various cell types necessary for tissue regeneration.[19.1] However, the choice of stem cell type is not straightforward, as each type possesses unique potencies and limitations, making it essential to select the most suitable stem cell for the specific tissue being engineered.[21.1] Furthermore, the identification of optimal cell types remains a major challenge in tissue engineering, with various sources of cells, including autologous, allogeneic, and xenogeneic cells, each presenting distinct advantages and challenges.[30.1] Another crucial principle is the use of biocompatible materials that can support the integration and functionality of engineered tissues within the body. These materials must exhibit specific properties such as biocompatibility, bio-absorbability, and the required physicochemical and mechanical characteristics.[14.1] Mechanical properties, including strength and stiffness, are vital, as they can determine the success or failure of tissue engineering applications.[15.1] Recent advancements have focused on improving these properties through techniques like cross-linking synthetic and organic materials, which enhance cell adhesion and water uptake.[15.1] The design of biomaterials also aims to effectively mimic the native extracellular matrix (ECM), which is essential for providing the necessary biological signals and physical support for tissue regeneration.[16.1] The integration of bioactive agents into tissue-engineered constructs has been proposed as a strategy to enhance biocompatibility and promote better tissue integration.[17.1] Ethical considerations in tissue engineering are increasingly complex as the field evolves, particularly in the context of the translational progression from bench to bedside. Investigators in this area act as moral agents at each step of their research, from early benchwork to preclinical studies.[6.1] As regenerative medicine continues to advance, it is essential to conduct ongoing ethical reviews to address emerging challenges and concerns.[7.1] This includes a range of ethical issues such as patient consent, safety, efficacy, and the long-term consequences of technologies like gene editing.[8.1] Regulatory bodies are urged to establish mechanisms for continuous evaluation of research practices and treatment protocols to ensure that ethical standards keep pace with scientific advancements.[7.1]History
Development of Tissue Engineering as a Discipline
The development of tissue engineering as a discipline has evolved significantly over the past three decades, emerging as a multidisciplinary field that integrates principles from biology, engineering, and medicine. This evolution began with the recognition of the potential to create biological substitutes that can mimic tissues for various applications, including diagnostics and research purposes.[3.1] Early efforts in tissue engineering were marked by foundational techniques such as skin grafting, which represented some of the first tissue-based therapies.[42.1] A pivotal moment in the history of tissue engineering was the realization that innovative biocompatible materials could facilitate the generation of new tissues by seeding viable cells onto appropriately configured scaffolds.[2.1] This insight laid the groundwork for the development of organized three-dimensional functional tissues, which offered advantages over traditional cell transplantation methods.[4.1] The term "regenerative medicine" has often been used interchangeably with tissue engineering, although it typically emphasizes the use of stem cells as a source for cellular components.[42.1] As the field progressed, various challenges emerged that needed to be addressed to integrate tissue engineering into clinical practice effectively. These challenges include regulatory hurdles, ethical considerations, and the need for controlled clinical trials to ensure the safety and efficacy of tissue-engineered products.[50.1] Despite these obstacles, there have been notable successes in clinical applications, such as the regeneration of corneal surfaces, bronchial segments, and bone and cartilage defects.[43.1] Recent advances in tissue engineering (TE) have significantly enhanced the development of scaffold materials and fabrication technologies, particularly for applications in osteochondral regeneration. These scaffolds, which can be made from both natural and synthetic materials such as collagen, chitosan, and polylactic acid, serve as templates that guide the growth of new tissues.[44.1] The field emphasizes the importance of highly porous biomaterials that facilitate tissue regeneration by combining cells from the body with these scaffolds.[46.1] Furthermore, innovative smart shape-changeable scaffolds have emerged, which can be programmed to adopt temporary shapes and then recover to their original forms. This adaptability allows them to be tailored to various defects while maintaining high porosity and favorable physio-chemical properties, making them promising materials for minimally invasive tissue engineering.[45.1]Recent Advancements
Emerging Technologies
Recent advancements in tissue engineering (TE) have significantly transformed the field, driven by innovations in medical and biological sciences as well as engineering. This multidisciplinary domain utilizes biomaterials to restore tissue function and facilitate drug development.[82.1] In particular, the emergence of personalized medicine has opened new avenues for TE by allowing for the manipulation of patients' autologous biological mechanisms.[80.1] Over the past decade, the fabrication of three-dimensional (3D) multifunctional scaffolds has become a standard practice in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. The development of 3D bioprinting technologies has enabled these scaffolds to more accurately replicate the complex architecture of natural tissues.[82.1] Recent advancements in tissue engineering have significantly transformed the field, particularly through the use of three-dimensional (3D) multifunctional scaffolds. These scaffolds have become commonplace in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, primarily due to the development of 3D bioprinting technologies, which allow for a more accurate replication of the natural architecture of tissues.[82.1] This multidisciplinary approach not only aims to restore tissue function but also assists in drug development, highlighting the broad applicability and ongoing evolution of these technologies in addressing various medical challenges.[82.1] Moreover, the emerging era of personalized medicine has opened novel avenues for TE by manipulating the autologous biological mechanisms of patients. This approach anticipates the creation of off-the-shelf solutions that enable immediately available tissue-engineered products, thereby facilitating quicker clinical applications.[99.1] However, the transition from laboratory research to clinical application presents numerous technical and scientific challenges, including issues related to scalability, immunogenicity, and the integration of engineered tissues with native tissues.[101.1] As the field continues to evolve, addressing these challenges will be crucial for the successful implementation of personalized therapies in tissue engineering, ultimately bringing these innovative technologies closer to widespread clinical use.[101.1]Innovations in Biomaterials
Recent advancements in tissue engineering have significantly influenced the development of innovative biomaterials, particularly through the integration of 3D printing technologies. The fabrication of 3D porous scaffolds has gained traction due to the low cost and versatility of 3D printing, enabling the customization of scaffolds for various biomedical applications, including tissue engineering.[89.1] This technology allows for the creation of scaffolds that can effectively integrate diverse types of living cells into three-dimensional structures, facilitating the regeneration of damaged tissues.[91.1] Moreover, recent trends in 3D printing, such as machine learning, near-infrared photopolymerization, and 4D printing, have further enhanced the capabilities of scaffold design.[90.1] These advancements enable the production of biomimetic scaffolds that can encapsulate cells and growth factors, providing innovative strategies for tissue repair and regeneration.[91.1] The integration of smart materials in scaffold design has emerged as a pivotal advancement in tissue engineering. Smart scaffolds are particularly beneficial for targeted tissue regeneration due to their ability to deliver dynamic mechanical and biochemical signals, as well as their capacity for conformal fitting and integration with surrounding host tissues.[106.1] These characteristics make smart scaffolds excellent candidates for engineering a wide variety of tissues, including bone and cartilage.[106.1] Scaffolds can be constructed from various materials, such as metals, ceramics, and polymers, or their combinations, which play a crucial role in facilitating the integration of cells and providing mechanical stabilization of tissues.[105.1] Additionally, the concept of 4D printing, which involves the creation of biomimetic gradient tissue scaffolds from naturally derived smart polymers, represents a novel approach to scaffold design. This technique allows for the inherent shape transformation of constructs upon implantation, promoting seamless integration with the host tissue.[108.1]Applications
Regenerative Medicine
Regenerative medicine is a pivotal area within tissue engineering that focuses on the restoration, maintenance, or enhancement of tissues and organs. This field employs a combination of biological, material, and engineering strategies to address various medical needs, particularly in the context of repairing damaged or diseased tissues. The primary components of tissue engineering include cells, the extracellular matrix, and biomolecules, which collectively facilitate the biological functions necessary for tissue regeneration.[122.1] One of the significant applications of tissue engineering in regenerative medicine is its role in treating conditions such as burns, chronic wounds, organ failure, and soft tissue repair.[123.1] The technology aims to reconstruct damaged tissues in vitro and facilitate their transplantation in vivo, thereby recovering lost or malfunctioning organ functions.[124.1] Advances in tissue culture, scaffold preparation techniques, and 3D printing have significantly enhanced the capabilities of tissue engineering, allowing for the creation of complex anatomical structures that can mimic natural tissues.[124.1] Regenerative medicine faces significant challenges, particularly in the sourcing and manipulation of appropriate cell types for tissue engineering. Identifying the optimal cell types—whether autologous, allogeneic, or xenogeneic—remains a major challenge, as each source presents unique advantages and difficulties.[128.1] Among these, stem cells are fundamental building blocks in tissue engineering applications due to their remarkable features.[130.1] Different types of stem cells offer unique advantages for specific tissue engineering approaches, making their selection critical for successful outcomes.[130.1] However, controlled differentiation of these cells is crucial for achieving effective tissue engineering results, and the establishment of quality-controlled stem cell lines is essential for ensuring reproducible outcomes in research and clinical settings.[130.1] In addition to cellular challenges, the integration of sustainable practices in tissue engineering is gaining attention. This includes the use of eco-friendly materials for scaffold fabrication and the development of biodegradable and biocompatible biomaterials that can support regenerative processes.[127.1] The innovations in biomaterials and tissue engineering technologies not only advance healthcare but also contribute to environmental sustainability and economic growth.[127.1]In this section:
Ethical Considerations
Societal Impact
The societal impact of tissue engineering is significantly shaped by ethical considerations, particularly concerning the use of human tissues and stem cells. Different religious traditions exhibit varying interpretations of the moral status of human tissues, which can influence the acceptance or rejection of tissue engineering practices within those communities. For instance, in more conservative regions, religious leaders often highlight ethical issues related to stem cell use, reflecting a broader concern about the implications of such technologies.[168.1] Christianity, in particular, presents major objections to the use of human tissue, primarily due to its beliefs surrounding the sanctity of life.[170.1] This divergence in religious perspectives underscores the complexity of ethical frameworks that govern tissue engineering, as various faiths navigate the moral implications of utilizing human tissues. The ethical challenges associated with tissue engineering are further complicated by the rapid advancements in the field. As engineered tissues progress towards clinical testing, ethical considerations such as the commercialization of biological materials and the implications of enhancing human capabilities versus merely treating ailments come to the forefront.[176.1] The use of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) is particularly contentious, as it raises moral questions about the destruction of human embryos, which many view as a violation of the sanctity of life.[178.1] This ethical dilemma has limited the development of hESC-based clinical therapies, highlighting the tension between scientific advancement and ethical responsibility.[178.1] Informed consent and patient autonomy are also critical ethical concerns in tissue engineering. It is essential that participants in stem cell studies are fully informed about the risks and benefits before consenting to participate. Instances of inadequate information or coercion have been reported, which undermine the rights of individuals as autonomous agents.[179.1] Thus, the societal impact of tissue engineering is not only shaped by technological advancements but also by the ethical frameworks that govern its practice, reflecting broader cultural and religious values.Regulation and Safety
The regulation and safety of tissue engineering (TE) are increasingly important as the field evolves rapidly, with some engineered tissues now ready for clinical testing.[157.1] This rapid advancement necessitates open discussions regarding the ethical dilemmas faced by both professionals and patients in this burgeoning field.[157.1] Key regulatory bodies, including the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) in Europe, and the National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) in China, play crucial roles in evaluating the safety and efficacy of biomaterials intended for medical use.[182.1] Ethical dilemmas may arise at various stages of TE, particularly concerning research involving human subjects, informed consent procedures, and equitable access to biomaterial-based therapies.[182.1] By integrating regulatory compliance with ethical considerations, stakeholders can harness the transformative potential of biomaterials while safeguarding human health and societal values.[182.1] One significant ethical issue is the consent and control of tissue samples, particularly in large-scale initiatives like the UK Biobank, which recruited 500,000 individuals.[183.1] Traditional models of consent may not adequately address the complexities involved in such extensive research, raising concerns about the ownership and use of biological materials.[183.1] Furthermore, the principle of non-commercialization of human tissues is emphasized in various ethical guidelines, which assert the importance of respecting human dignity and integrity.[184.1] This principle is particularly relevant in discussions surrounding the commercialization of biological materials, contrasting altruistic public biobanks with private commercial storage.[184.1] Tissue engineering (TE) is a promising new field of medical technology that presents significant ethical challenges that must be addressed.[164.1] The rapid pace of technological innovation in biotechnology and genetic engineering continues to outpace the development of regulatory frameworks and ethical guidelines, leading to profound ethical dilemmas regarding the ownership of biological materials, particularly in areas such as gene editing and synthetic biology.[181.1] As a complex and rapidly developing technology, tissue engineering raises a range of legal, ethical, and social issues that have not yet been fully examined, complicating the regulatory landscape.[185.1] Key ethical dilemmas include the use of human embryonic stem cells and the commercialization of biological materials, which raise moral implications about enhancing human capabilities versus merely treating ailments.[162.1] Addressing these ethical issues is crucial for navigating the challenges posed by TE and ensuring that innovation aligns with ethical standards and patient safety.[162.1]In this section:
Challenges And Future Directions
Technical Challenges
Technical challenges in tissue engineering encompass a variety of factors that significantly impact patient outcomes. One of the primary concerns is the selection of appropriate scaffold materials, which must possess suitable mechanical properties and biocompatibility to support tissue integration and function.[204.1] Additionally, the vascularization of engineered tissues remains a critical challenge, as the successful integration of vascular networks is essential for supplying nutrients and oxygen to the cells within the constructs.[202.1] The field of bone tissue engineering (BTE) faces several significant challenges that impact patient outcomes in clinical practice. Key issues include the selection of appropriate scaffold materials, ensuring adequate vascularization, and achieving the desired mechanical properties of the engineered tissues. Additionally, the integration of these tissues with the host environment and the immune response to implanted materials are critical hurdles that must be addressed.[204.1] For optimal repair of bone defects, BTE grafts typically consist of several essential components, including bioactive scaffolds, skeletal progenitor cells, growth factors, and vascular support structures.[204.1] Addressing these challenges is crucial for improving the functionality and longevity of engineered tissues post-implantation, ultimately enhancing patient outcomes in regenerative medicine.[204.1] Recent advancements in the field have highlighted the potential of integrating gene therapy to enhance osteogenesis and angiogenesis, utilizing both viral and non-viral delivery methods.[201.1] This approach, alongside the incorporation of growth factors and stem cell technologies, aims to improve the regenerative capabilities of engineered tissues.[202.1] However, the translation of these innovations into clinical practice is often hindered by regulatory challenges, necessitating efforts to harmonize regulations to facilitate the adoption of successful tissue engineering strategies.[203.1]Potential for Personalized Medicine
The potential for personalized medicine in tissue engineering is significantly enhanced by advancements in stem cell technology and gene editing tools such as CRISPR. Autologous stem cells, which have the potential to differentiate into almost any type of cell in the adult body, are particularly valuable for tissue and organ replacement applications, as they can be sourced from the patient's own body, thereby minimizing the risk of immune rejection.[198.1] Additionally, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are emerging as a promising alternative source for bone regeneration, addressing the limitations of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which are often restricted in quantity and exhibit reduced proliferation and differentiation capabilities during cell culture expansion.[208.1] These advancements in stem cell sources are crucial for overcoming current challenges in sourcing and differentiating stem cells for effective tissue engineering applications. In addition to stem cell advancements, the development of sophisticated biomaterials plays a crucial role in personalized medicine within tissue engineering. Surface modification techniques can enhance the interaction between biomaterials and cells, optimizing tissue integration and functionality.[209.1] For instance, the functional coupling of biomaterials with collagen type II has shown promise in improving tissue adhesion and integration, which is vital for the success of engineered tissues.[210.1] Furthermore, the incorporation of growth factors and extracellular matrix (ECM) components into biomaterials can provide additional control over tissue development, further personalizing the therapeutic approach.[210.1] Despite the promising advancements in tissue engineering (TE), significant challenges remain in the clinical translation of these technologies. Key hurdles include issues related to cell survival, migration, and integration, which continue to limit the effective application of engineered tissues in patients.[211.1] TE is an emerging technology that combines cells, engineering methods, materials, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to improve or replace biological functions, aiming to reconstruct damaged or diseased organs and tissues both in vitro and through transplantation in vivo.[200.1] As the field progresses, the integration of innovative approaches in tissue engineering is expected to reshape treatment paradigms and enhance patient outcomes in regenerative medicine.[197.1] However, ethical considerations surrounding the creation and use of lab-grown tissues and organs will also play crucial roles in shaping the future landscape of healthcare.[197.1]References
[2] The history of tissue engineering - Harvard University — JCMM JCMM • The early years • Development of an organizational structure • The society • “Tissue Engineering”, the journal • Tissue engineering and the public arena • Future challenges • In conclusion he correctly concluded that with the advent of innova-tive biocompatible materials it would be possible to generate new tissue by seeding viable cells onto appropriately configured scaffolds. Outside of the United States, Dr. Julia Polak, a pathologist and stem cell biologist in London, spearheaded an effort in Tissue Engineering at the Imperial College and organized a British-based society that developed a loose association with the Tissue Engineering Society (TES) that had previously incorporated in Boston.
[3] Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine: history ... - PubMed — The past three decades have seen the emergence of an endeavor called tissue engineering and regenerative medicine in which scientists, engineers, and physicians apply tools from a variety of fields to construct biological substitutes that can mimic tissues for diagnostic and research purposes and ca …
[4] The History and Scope of Tissue Engineering - ScienceDirect — Tissue engineering offers an advantage over cell transplantation alone, in that organized three-dimensional functional tissue is designed and developed. This chapter summarizes some of the challenges that must be resolved before tissue engineering can become part of the therapeutic armamentarium of physicians and surgeons.
[6] Ethical considerations in tissue engineering research: Case ... - PubMed — The ethical considerations arising from tissue engineering research are similarly complex when addressing the translational progression from bench to bedside, and investigators in the field of tissue engineering act as moral agents at each step of their research along the translational pathway, from early benchwork and preclinical studies to
[7] PDF — As regenerative medicine continues to evolve, ongoing ethical review is necessary to address emerging challenges and concerns. Regulatory bodies should establish mechanisms for continuous evaluation of research practices and treatment protocols, ensuring that ethical standards keep pace with scientific advancements.
[8] The ethics of regenerative medicine | Biologia Futura - Springer — The list of ethical issues discussed includes safety and efficacy, patient consent, information, professional responsibilities, as well as equity and fairness. More specific issues include those raised by the long-term consequences of gene editing, research and development of chimaeras, conditional approval for marketing license or discussion of the 14-day limit for research on human embryos, as well as early patient access to experimental treatment; on some of these issues, see, for instance, (Sipp 2015; Hyun et al. A strategy for dealing with the uncertainties and knowledge gaps of the value landscape mentioned in EASAC (2020) is tackling gaps in training on ethical, legal, and societal issues in regenerative medicine, including how to involve other stakeholders, especially patients, in research design and review.
[9] The Future of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine — The Future of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine - Center for MedTech Excellence Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have emerged as transformative fields in modern healthcare, offering innovative approaches to repair, regenerate, and replace damaged or lost tissues and organs. As scientific understanding and technological capabilities continue to advance, the future of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine appears poised to reshape the landscape of healthcare as we know it. As tissue engineering and regenerative medicine continue to evolve, ethical considerations surrounding the creation and use of lab-grown tissues and organs become increasingly important. While scientific and technological breakthroughs continue to drive progress, the ethical, regulatory, and societal aspects of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine will also play crucial roles in shaping the future landscape of healthcare for generations to come.
[10] The Future of Regenerative Medicine: What's Next in 2025 and Beyond — The field of regenerative medicine must follow this path. Instead of relying on one-size-fits-all tissue solutions, the future lies in understanding each patient's specific needs and then developing tailored materials and treatments. Enhancing Patient Lives. The success of this patient-first approach is already evident.
[13] Tissue Engineering for Drug Discovery and Personalized Medicine: Volume ... — The transdisciplinary integration of tissue engineering, cell biology and microsystem technologies, such as microfluidics and 3D bioprinting is paving the way towards devising innovative solutions by creating biomimetic physiological tissue structures as reliable in vitro models for drug screening in the pre-clinical stages.
[14] Biopolymers for tissue engineering applications: A review — For application in the field of tissue engineering the material has to possess some specific properties such as biocompatibility, bio- absorbability, bioavailability, required physicochemical, biological and mechanical properties. ... biological and mechanical properties. The area of tissue engineering is mainly providing the opportunity of
[15] Bio-based materials with novel characteristics for tissue engineering ... — Mechanical properties, like strength and stiffness, are usually the reason these materials fail in tissue engineering application. Nevertheless, lately, there have been many works trying to take care of this by the cross-linking of synthetic, organic or inorganic materials which improve characteristics like cell adhesion, water uptake, and
[16] Common biocompatible polymeric materials for tissue engineering and ... — The aim of tissue engineering is design materials and cellular strategies to spatially and functionally support the target tissue .One of the recent challenges of the tissue engineering field is designing appropriate biomaterials for effective mimicking of the native ECM .Previous studies demonstrated every tissue microenvironment has own specific biological signals and physico
[17] Improving the biocompatibility of biomaterial constructs and constructs ... — Summary: The biggest challenge faced in translation of tissue-engineered constructs into clinical practice relates to their engraftment and poor tissue integration into the challenging wound bed of the pelvic floor. Biocompatibility of tissue engineered constructs can theoretically be improved by the incorporation of bioactive agents, such as vitamins C or oestradiol.
[19] Cell Sources for Tissue Engineering | SpringerLink — One of the most essential elements of tissue engineering is the type of cell that is going to be used to regenerate a particular tissue. For this purpose, usually stem cellsStem cells are preferred due to their remarkable features. ... Symmetric division Daughter cells, two cells having the identical characteristics of the parent cell, are
[21] Stem cells: sources, properties, and cell types - ScienceDirect — For tissue engineering applications, stem cells have the potential to offer an infinite source of cells. Although all stem cell types can possibly be of value, each type has its own potencies and associated limitations (Table 7.1). Thus, the initial step to use stem cells is to choose the most suitable stem cell type for the tissue to be
[30] Aging: A cell source limiting factor in tissue engineering — CELL SOURCE AS A MAJOR CHALLENGE. First and foremost, the unresolved controversy of identifying the optimal cell types for tissue engineering is still a major challenge.While cell transplantation, organ transplantation, and tissue engineering are fundamentally different, there are essentially three varieties of sources: Autologous, allogeneic, and xenogeneic cells, each of which can be
[42] PDF — The term regenerative medicine is often used synonymously with tissue engineering, although regenerative medicine often implies the use of stem cells as a cell source. Some historical highlights related to tissue engineering and regenerative medicine are shown in Table 1. The first tissue-based therapies developed were skin grafting techniques.
[43] On the Genealogy of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine — Where the objective of tissue engineering is to produce functional, preferably autologous, substitutes that can improve or replace a failing tissue2–5; regenerative medicine, as per Daar and Greenwood6 and Mason and Dunnill,7 aims to “repair, replace or regenerate cells, tissues, or organs to restore impaired function.”6–8 Already, despite the fields being in their nascence, examples abound of successful clinical implementation9: corneal surfaces,10 replacement of bronchial segment,11 reconstitution of bone,12 as well as cartilage13 defects and diseased bladder.14 On the same note, external support devices such as extracorporeal liver15 or engineered tissues that can serve as in vitro models to investigate pathogenesis, stem cell behavior, and developmental processes, in addition to developing new molecular therapeutics,16–18 further underpin the capacity for therapy and knowledge on offer. 112.Breuls R.G.M., Bouten C.V.C., Oomens C.W.J., Bader D.L., and Baaijens F.P.T.Compression induced cell damage in engineered muscle tissue: an in vitro model to study pressure ulcer aetiology.
[44] Osteochondral Tissue Engineering: Scaffold Materials, Fabrication ... — Recent advances in bone/cartilage tissue engineering, particularly in scaffold materials and fabrication technologies, offer promising solutions for osteochondral regeneration. This review highlights the selection and design of scaffolds using natural and synthetic materials such as collagen, chitosan (Cs), and polylactic acid (PLA), alongside
[45] Smart Biomimetic 3D Scaffolds Based on Shape Memory Polyurethane for ... — Additionally, after programming to a temporary shape, the scaffolds could recover to their initial shapes and could be programmed into various shapes according to different defects. These smart shape-changeable scaffolds with high porosity and good physio-chemical properties are a promising material for minimally invasive tissue engineering.
[46] Biomaterials & scaffolds for tissue engineering - ScienceDirect — Biomaterials & scaffolds for tissue engineering - ScienceDirect Skip to main contentSkip to article Search ScienceDirect Biomaterials & scaffolds for tissue engineering open access The developing field of tissue engineering (TE) aims to regenerate damaged tissues by combining cells from the body with highly porous scaffold biomaterials, which act as templates for tissue regeneration, to guide the growth of new tissue. This article describes the functional requirements, and types, of materials used in developing state of the art of scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. Previous article in issue Next article in issue Recommended articles Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. Recommended articles No articles found. Article Metrics View article metrics For all open access content, the Creative Commons licensing terms apply.
[50] Tissue Engineered Constructs: Perspectives on Clinical Translation — Depending on the mode of regulation, applications for TEMP introduction must be filed with the FDA to demonstrate safety and effectiveness in premarket clinical studies, followed by 510(k) premarket clearance or premarket approval (for medical devices), biologics license application approval (for biologics), or New Drug Application approval (for drugs). In this review article, we will address several major challenges to the translation of tissue engineered medical products (TEMPs) to clinical practice These include ethical issues, regulatory issues on both the institutional and the governmental levels, funding issues for product development, and issues related to physician acceptance of a new treatment method.
[80] Overview of current technologies for tissue engineering and ... — Recent advancements in medical/biological sciences and engineering have revolutionized the field of TERM. Also, the emerging era of personalized medicine has opened novel avenues for TERM, especially by manipulating the autologous biological mechanisms of the patients.
[82] Advancements in Tissue Engineering: A Review of Bioprinting Techniques ... — Tissue engineering is a multidisciplinary field that uses biomaterials to restore tissue function and assist with drug development. Over the last decade, the fabrication of three-dimensional (3D) multifunctional scaffolds has become commonplace in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Thanks to the development of 3D bioprinting technologies, these scaffolds more accurately recapitulate
[89] A comprehensive review of 3D printing techniques for biomaterial-based ... — Fabrication of 3D porous scaffolds has expanded incredible responsiveness in recent years because the low cost of 3D printing scaffolds has made it possible for biomaterial and tissue engineering applications . 3D printing scaffold is a dominant technology that deals with several possible assistances to biomedical engineering.Especially in the research field of tissue engineering, 3D
[90] 3D printing of tissue engineering scaffolds: a focus on vascular ... — Also, four trends of 3D printing of tissue engineering vascular scaffolds are presented, including machine learning, near-infrared photopolymerization, 4D printing, and combination of self-assembly and 3D printing-based methods. Keywords: Tissue engineering, 3D printing, Vascular scaffolds, Print materials, Modeling methods. Introduction
[91] 3D Bioprinted Scaffolds for Tissue Repair and Regeneration — 3D printing can efficaciously integrate diverse types of living cells into 3D structures composed of traditional micro-nano biomaterials, thereby creating artificial grafts that can regenerate damaged tissues (Cheng et al., 2021). Based on the preparation of adjustable 3D tissue structure, it can encapsulate cells and growth factors, which provides a new strategy for designing biomimetic scaffolds for tissue repair and regeneration (Groll et al., 2016). In the biomedical field, 3D printing technology is committed to 1) creating personalized prosthetics, anatomical models and implants; 2) manufacturing medical devices; 3) reconstruction of organs and tissues (Kim et al., 2008). Citation: Liu N, Zhang X, Guo Q, Wu T and Wang Y (2022) 3D Bioprinted Scaffolds for Tissue Repair and Regeneration.
[99] Current approaches and future perspectives on strategies for the ... — Thus, personalized therapies also anticipate the importance of creating off-the-shelf solutions to enable immediately available tissue engineered products. This paper reviews the main recent developments and future challenges to enable personalized TERM approaches and to bring these technologies closer to clinical applications.
[101] PDF — biomaterials, and bioprinting, tissue engineering promises revolutionary applications in regenerative medicine. However, achieving clinical success requires overcoming significant hurdles, including scalability, immunogenicity, and integration with native tissues. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of tissue engineering and its future potential.
[105] Advances in smart hybrid scaffolds: A strategic approach for ... — A scaffold can facilitate the integration of cells, dynamic mechanical and biochemical signals, and/or mechanical stabilization of tissues. Scaffolds can be made from various materials, including metals, ceramics, polymers, and their combinations, such as composites, to play a pivotal role in tissue engineering.
[106] Smart Scaffolds: Shape Memory Polymers (SMPs) in Tissue Engineering — Smart scaffolds for targeted tissue regeneration. The advantages associated with delivery, conformal fitting, and/or integration with surrounding host tissue make smart scaffolds excellent candidates for engineering a large variety of tissues (Figure 3 and Table 1). Most particularly, smart scaffolds have been evaluated for bone, cartilage, and
[108] Four-Dimensional Printing Hierarchy Scaffolds with Highly ... - PubMed — The objective of this study was to four-dimensional (4D) print novel biomimetic gradient tissue scaffolds with highly biocompatible naturally derived smart polymers. The term "4D printing" refers to the inherent smart shape transformation of fabricated constructs when implanted minimally invasively for seamless and dynamic integration.
[122] Overview of Tissue Engineering Concepts and Applications — Overview of Tissue Engineering Concepts and Applications - ScienceDirect The field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine is broadly applicable for the use of biological, material, and engineering-based strategies to address medical needs. The three main elements of tissue engineering consist of cells—the living unit responsible for all biological functions of the body, the extracellular matrix—a three-dimensional (3D) network of macromolecules such as proteins that provides physical and biochemical support to the cells, and biomolecules—a large collection of molecules involved in all cellular processes and signaling mechanisms between cells and their environment. 3D printing of polysaccharide-based hydrogel scaffolds for tissue engineering applications: A review Recent advances have expanded 3D printing applications, allowing for the fabrication of diverse anatomical components, including engineered functional tissues and organs.
[123] (PDF) Evaluating the Effectiveness of Tissue Bioengineering: A Review ... — This poster explores the role of tissue bioengineering in regenerative medicine, focusing on its applications in burns, chronic wounds, organ failure, and soft tissue repair.
[124] Tissue Engineering; Current Status & Futuristic Scope - PMC — TE is an emerging technology that uses the combination of cells, engineering methods and materials and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to improve or replace biological functions, meant to reconstruct damaged or diseased organs and tissues in vitro and transplantation in vivo to recover lost or malfunctioned organ or tissue . Considering the progress in tissue culture, preparation of scaffold techniques, scaffold 3D printing, and use of animal models for in vivo applications, the TE technique is advancing at great pace to overcome the challenges and major problems coming its way regarding clinical application [24–26]. The primary clinical obstacles relate to problems with the transfer of living cells from the culture conditions into the human body; this applies to many isolated cells, tissue constructs and artificially engineered organs.
[127] Convergence of tissue engineering and sustainable development goals — The integration of sustainable practices in tissue engineering involves the use of eco-friendly materials in scaffold fabrication, green manufacturing processes, and the development of biodegradable and biocompatible biomaterials. An important avenue of tissue engineering is the development of biomaterials that can promote regenerative processes by effectively transporting cell populations and therapeutic agents, as well as providing structural scaffolding that confers sufficient mechanical properties to tissues. Biomaterials such as polymers, metals, ceramics, composites, and decellularized materials, coupled with cutting-edge technologies like bioprinting, electrospinning, decellularization, cell sheet engineering, and microfluidics, are pivotal in advancing the SDGs. The innovations in biomaterials and tissue engineering technologies drive transformative changes across healthcare, environmental sustainability, and economic growth. Biomaterials: Tissue Engineering and Scaffolds, in: J.G. Webster (Ed.), Encycl.
[128] Aging: A cell source limiting factor in tissue engineering — CELL SOURCE AS A MAJOR CHALLENGE. First and foremost, the unresolved controversy of identifying the optimal cell types for tissue engineering is still a major challenge.While cell transplantation, organ transplantation, and tissue engineering are fundamentally different, there are essentially three varieties of sources: Autologous, allogeneic, and xenogeneic cells, each of which can be
[130] Role of Stem Cells in Tissue Engineering - cytion.com — Stem cells are fundamental building blocks in tissue engineering applications; Different types of stem cells offer unique advantages for specific tissue engineering approaches; Controlled differentiation is crucial for successful tissue engineering outcomes; Quality-controlled stem cell lines are essential for reproducible research results
[157] Ethics of bioengineering organs and tissues - Taylor & Francis Online — 1. Introduction. The field of tissue engineering is evolving rapidly and some engineered tissues are now ready for clinical testing Citation .This makes it important to have an open and candid discussion regarding the ethical dilemmas faced by professionals and patients in this burgeoning field.
[162] (PDF) Ethical issues in tissue engineering - Academia.edu — This chapter discusses the ethical issues surrounding tissue engineering, highlighting challenges such as the use of human embryonic stem cells, commercialization of biological materials, and the moral implications of enhancing human capabilities versus simply treating ailments. It explores the potential benefits of producing human organs from cells to address organ donation dilemmas and
[164] (PDF) Ethical Aspects of Tissue Engineering: A Review — Tissue engineering (TE) is a promising new field of medical technology. However, like other new technologies, it is not free of ethical challenges. Identifying these ethical questions at an early
[168] Religion and tissue engineering | Tissue engineering, an ethical discussion — Religion is not a very strict thing in Belgium, overall we have an open and modern way of thinking. Other parts of the world are much more conservative, especially when it comes to religion. When you ask a minister (pastor, preacher,..) what ethical issues arises regarding tissues engineering there is a big chance he will answer the use of stem cells. They find that the use of stem cells
[170] Religious beliefs shape our thinking on cloning, stem cells and gene ... — There are disagreements within the various religions over the use of this technology. But the major objection to anything involving human tissue comes from Christianity — because of the belief
[176] (PDF) Ethical issues in tissue engineering - Academia.edu — This chapter discusses the ethical issues surrounding tissue engineering, highlighting challenges such as the use of human embryonic stem cells, commercialization of biological materials, and the moral implications of enhancing human capabilities versus simply treating ailments. It explores the potential benefits of producing human organs from cells to address organ donation dilemmas and
[178] Ethical and Safety Issues of Stem Cell-Based Therapy - PMC — We describe ethical challenges regarding human embryonic stem cell (hESC) research, emphasizing that ethical dilemma involving the destruction of a human embryo is a major factor that may have limited the development of hESC-based clinical therapies. Although clinical application of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has shown beneficial effects in the therapy of autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases, the ability to promote tumor growth and metastasis and overestimated therapeutic potential of MSCs still provide concerns for the field of regenerative medicine. We describe and discuss ethical challenges regarding human embryonic stem cell (hESC) research, therapeutic potential and clinical translation of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) and safety issues of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based therapy. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2008.02.008. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2006.07.024. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2010.12.032. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2009.02.013.
[179] Medical Research Ethics: The Controversial Stem Cell Study — Another ethical concern is informed consent and patient autonomy. It is crucial that participants in stem cell studies fully understand the risks and benefits involved before giving their consent. There have been cases where patients were not adequately informed or coerced into participating in these studies, which violates their rights as autonomous individuals.
[181] Intellectual Property Rights and The Protection of Biological Materials — Furthermore, the rapid pace of technological innovation in biotechnology and genetic engineering continues to outpace the development of regulatory frameworks and ethical guidelines. Issues such as gene editing, synthetic biology, and the patenting of genes raise profound ethical dilemmas regarding the ownership of life itself and the
[182] Regulatory and Ethical Considerations | SpringerLink — Key regulatory bodies such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) in Europe, and the National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) in China play pivotal roles in evaluating the safety and efficacy of biomaterials intended for medical use. Ethical dilemmas may arise at various stages, including research involving human subjects, informed consent procedures, and equitable access to biomaterial-based therapies. By integrating regulatory compliance and ethical considerations into the development and utilization of biomaterials, we can harness their transformative potential while safeguarding human health and societal values. Download Article/Chapter or eBook Hunckler MD, Levine AD (2022) Navigating ethical challenges in the development and translation of biomaterials research. Download Article/Chapter or eBook
[183] Genes, cells, and biobanks: Yes, there's still a consent problem — Much of the conflict has centred on issues of consent and the control of tissue samples. Because of the large number of participants (UK Biobank, for example, recruited 500,000 individuals between 2006−2010 [ 7 ]), the involvement of multiple researchers, and the long-term nature of the initiatives, traditional models of consent are
[184] Ethical and legal considerations regarding the ownership and commercial ... — Among the documents that refer explicitly to cord blood, the principle of non-commercialization recurs, for example, in “Opinion 19 – Ethical aspects of umbilical cord blood banking,” published on March 16, 2004 by the European Group on Ethics in Science and New Technologies (established by the European Commission): “There are several fundamental ethical principles and values which can be considered relevant for the opinion: The principle of respect for human dignity and integrity, which asserts the principle of non-commercialisation of the human body [...].” In fact, the issue of commercialization and financial gain in this document is concerned less with the production of blood products or other patentable products than with the comparison between storage in public biobanks for altruistic purposes and private storage in commercial biobanks.50
[185] The legal status of engineered tissue and its implications — As a complex and rapidly developing technology, tissue engineering raises a range of legal, ethical, and social issues that have not yet been fully examined. Tissue-engineered products do not fit neatly into existing categories, either for regulatory purposes or in the legal, policy, and ethical frameworks that govern uses of human tissue. This paper explores the legal status of engineered
[197] The Future of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine — The Future of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine - Center for MedTech Excellence Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have emerged as transformative fields in modern healthcare, offering innovative approaches to repair, regenerate, and replace damaged or lost tissues and organs. As scientific understanding and technological capabilities continue to advance, the future of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine appears poised to reshape the landscape of healthcare as we know it. As tissue engineering and regenerative medicine continue to evolve, ethical considerations surrounding the creation and use of lab-grown tissues and organs become increasingly important. While scientific and technological breakthroughs continue to drive progress, the ethical, regulatory, and societal aspects of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine will also play crucial roles in shaping the future landscape of healthcare for generations to come.
[198] Tissue Engineering: Current Strategies and Future Directions — These autologous stem cells have the potential to become almost any type of cell in the adult body, and thus would be useful in tissue and organ replacement applications.59 Therefore, therapeutic cloning, which has also been called somatic cell nuclear transfer, may provide an alternative source of transplantable cells. Tissue engineering strategies are often referred to as "growing organs in the laboratory." In these strategies, differentiated cells or stem cells are seeded onto a biomaterial scaffold and this construct is allowed to mature in vitro in a bioreactor for a short time before implantation in vivo.
[200] Tissue Engineering; Current Status & Futuristic Scope - PMC — TE is an emerging technology that uses the combination of cells, engineering methods and materials and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to improve or replace biological functions, meant to reconstruct damaged or diseased organs and tissues in vitro and transplantation in vivo to recover lost or malfunctioned organ or tissue . Considering the progress in tissue culture, preparation of scaffold techniques, scaffold 3D printing, and use of animal models for in vivo applications, the TE technique is advancing at great pace to overcome the challenges and major problems coming its way regarding clinical application [24–26]. The primary clinical obstacles relate to problems with the transfer of living cells from the culture conditions into the human body; this applies to many isolated cells, tissue constructs and artificially engineered organs.
[201] Clinical challenges in bone tissue engineering - A narrative review — Mechanical challenges, tissue responses, and inflammation management are examined, alongside gene therapy's potential for enhancing osteogenesis and angiogenesis via both viral and non-viral delivery methods. The review emphasizes the impact of patient-specific factors on bone healing outcomes and the importance of personalized approaches.
[202] PDF — 9 No. 2 July 2024 01 PERSPECTIVE The future of medicine: Advances and challenges in tissue engineering Davil Scot INTRODUCTION issue engineering is an interdisciplinary field that merges biology, engineering, and materials science to develop methods for repairing or replacing damaged tissues and organs. By integrating stem cell technology, biomaterials, and bioprinting, tissue engineering promises revolutionary applications in regenerative medicine. Recent research has focused on developing methods to integrate vascular networks into engineered tissues, including the use of endothelial cells to form blood vessel-like structures and the incorporation of growth factors that promote angiogenesis. The integration of advanced biomaterials, stem cell technologies, and 3D bioprinting has significantly advanced the field, making it possible to create complex tissue constructs with greater precision and functionality.
[203] Critical Challenges and Frontiers in Cartilage Tissue Engineering — Efforts to harmonize these regulations are crucial for facilitating the translation of research into clinical practice ... Demonstrated successful outcomes in osteochondral defect regeneration. ... from the basic facts to the challenges of tissue engineering. Petitjean N, Canadas P, Royer P, Noël D, Le Floc'h S. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2023;111:
[204] Clinical challenges in bone tissue engineering - A narrative review — Following this, the review examines the pressing clinical need for BTE and outlines the challenges faced in its application, including scaffold material selection, vascularization, mechanical properties, tissue integration, and immune responses. The search included terms such as ‘bone tissue engineering’, ‘scaffold’, ‘osteoconduction’, ‘mesenchymal stem cells’, ‘biocompatibility’, ‘vascularization’, ‘bioprinting’, ‘osteogenesis’, ‘growth factors’, ‘regenerative medicine’, ‘stem cell therapy’, ‘3D bioprinting’, ‘gene therapy’, ‘bone regeneration’, and ‘biomaterials’ connected by Boolean operators (AND, OR). For optimal bone defect repair, BTE grafts typically comprise several critical components: bioactive scaffolds, skeletal progenitor cells, growth factors, and vascular support structures which are discussed in detail further through this review (27). In summary, these results suggest that the incorporation of g-C3N4 into PLA scaffolds enhances their mechanical and biological performance, making them excellent candidates for possible use in bone tissue engineering applications.
[208] Induced pluripotent stem cells as a new getaway for bone tissue ... — Objectives: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are frequently used for bone regeneration, however, they are limited in quantity. Moreover, their proliferation and differentiation capabilities reduce during cell culture expansion. Potential application of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has been reported as a promising alternative source for bone regeneration.
[209] Bioprinting-Enabled Biomaterials: A Cutting-Edge Strategy for Future ... — This technique is promising in augmenting the biomaterials' capacity to promote tissue integration and functional restoration. Surface modification techniques play a pivotal role in tailoring the biomaterials' surface properties to optimize their interaction with cells and the surrounding environment.
[210] Biomaterials engineered for integration - ScienceDirect — For articular cartilage, functional coupling of biomaterials with collagen type II has been demonstrated among other proteins, which might result in improved tissue adhesion and integration 49, 50. The incorporation and selective exposure of growth factors or ECM components in these gels can also provide further control over tissue development
[211] Polymer- and Hybrid-Based Biomaterials for Interstitial, Connective ... — Although promising data have been obtained in laboratories, some hurdles limiting the clinical translation of implants still remain including cell survival, migration, and integration . Polymer-based coatings perfectly fill the niche of soft-tissue repair, because of the similarity between their mechanical, physico-chemical, and physiological